COMMENT From 2009 to at least 2013, private individuals were allegedly able to siphon off more than US$3.5 billion from the wealth fund of Malaysia and go on a high-end luxury shopping spree in several countries including the United States, the United Kingdom and Switzerland for property, museum-quality art and a private jet.

Gatekeepers such as auction houses, the real estate industry, lawyers and banks played supporting roles (sometimes unwittingly) in the alleged wrongdoing.

The perpetrators used shell companies, where the real names of the ultimate owners were obscured. Ironically, in a plot twist made in Hollywood, they even financed a film, 'The Wolf of Wall Street', about living high off financial fraud.

To ensure this lurid tale isn’t solely remembered for its audacity and scale, we need to take active steps to close the obvious loopholes in the US legal framework and compliance practices, and shore up the international financial system that has allowed this brazen money laundering to happen.

The good news is that we know what needs to be done. The bad news is because this fund is tied to the government of Malaysia, political concerns in Malaysia may also get in the way of bringing all the perpetrators to justice.

The story so far, however, is promising. The well-named Kleptocracy Asset Recovery Initiative of the US Department of Justice in bringing the largest ever civil complaint seeking to forfeit and recover over US$1 billion in assets involving Malaysia’s 1MDB, is taking the first step in wresting the proceeds of corruption away from the corrupt.

It named several individuals, three in particular, who allegedly lived high off the money and had close ties to one unnamed individual in the Malaysian government.

The named individuals include Riza Aziz, the stepson of Prime Minister Najib Abdul Razak and businessman Jho Low, a long-time friend of Riza and his family, and Mohamed Badawy al-Husseiny, a former official at a government fund in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, that participated in deals with Malaysia’s fund.

As US attorney general Loretta Lynch noted on Wednesday, this is “… a significant step in our ongoing work to combat global corruption and to ensure that the United States offers no haven to those who illegally use public funds for private gain… And it should make clear to corrupt officials around the world that we will be relentless in our efforts to deny them the proceeds of their crimes.”

The fact that assets are frozen in a civil suit, however, does not mean that the people who took them will face criminal proceedings, though that may follow. We believe it should. The biggest obstacle to fighting corruption is impunity.

The intermediaries

The case also highlights the role of intermediaries - bankers, lawyers and the real estate industry. In order to prevent dirty money from entering the US, gatekeepers, such as the real estate industry, involved in sale of luxury goods need to conduct due diligence into buyers’ identities and the sources of their funds.

Additionally, we know how easy it is in the United States to use shell companies to mask ownership of assets. That has to change. The Panama Papers leak earlier this year also highlighted the use of anonymous or shell companies to disguise the identities of individuals who want to evade taxes and launder money.

Transparency International is urging more transparency into the identities who those who control and benefit from these anonymous companies globally and for the creation of a global register that lists the true owners of companies.

The United States can lead the way by enacting federal legislation to collect, maintain and update beneficial ownership information upon company formation thereby regulating states like Delaware, Nevada and Wyoming where lax rules make setting up shell companies cheap and easy. Just one building in Delaware is home to 285,000 shell companies. Other jurisdictions like the UK can clamp down on these activities in its crown dependencies and overseas territories.

What is also clear is the need for international cooperation. In a world where creating complex international webs of corruption to hide laundered funds is easy, authorities must work together in order to uphold both national and international laws.

As noted by assistant attorney-general Leslie Caldwell, “the significant assistance we received from our international partners was critical in identifying and restraining assets. Gaps in the legal regimes across the globe - including in the United States - allowed these criminals to avoid disclosing the ultimate beneficial owners of the accounts to which 1MDB funds were diverted.”

The Justice Department is also reportedly separately investigating the role of Goldman Sachs in setting up the 1MDB fund. Switzerland is investigating 1MDB funds and banks involved in the scandal and Singapore is also on the case. Malaysia has its own probe too.

Unfortunately for Malaysians, the true victims in this story of fraud, there is little action on the home front.

The high-level official named by the DOJ only as 'Malaysian Official 1' remains legally anonymous though the hashtag #MalaysianOfficial1 lit up the Twittersphere where links were made directly to Malaysian Prime Minister Najib.

Last year US$681 million was found in his personal account. Najib denies all wrongdoing and his attorney general’s investigation said the money was a political donation from Saudi Arabia.

The Kleptocracy Asset Recovery Initiative has much work to do to bring the perpetrators of this US$1 billion fraud to justice.

Legislatures must also do their part and tighten up the global financial system so the corrupt cannot exploit its weaknesses anywhere in the world.

SHRUTI SHAH is vice-president of programmes and operations at Transparency International (TI) USA and SAMANTHA GRANT is TI regional coordinator for the Asia-Pacific region. This article originally appeared on the FCPA blog, which covers enforcement action under the US Foreign Corrupt Practices Act 1977.