The starting point of the crisis in the judiciary can be traced to the 1987 election of the president of Umno, the dominant political party of the Barisan Nasional.

In 1987, the then president of Umno was Dr Mahathir Mohamad who was also the prime minister of Malaysia. The incumbent received more than 100 nominations from the Umno branches for the presidency whereas his challenger Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah, one of the three party vice-presidents was nominated by slightly more than 20 branches.

The fact that the challenger in spite of receiving so few nominations had the audacity to mount a challenge came as a surprise to many pundits. However, when the secret ballots were counted, the result came as a shock to many as well. They had expected the incumbent to win by an overwhelming majority based purely on the great number of nominations he had received from the branches. Instead, Mahathir only won by a narrow margin of 43 votes.

An unlawful society

A civil suit was filed in the Kuala Lumpur High Court by 11 Umno members (referred to as the Umno 11) seeking a number of reliefs including a declaration that the whole election of the 1987 office bearers at the Umno general assembly was unconstitutional, illegal and therefore null and void and of no effect.

The agreed facts listed 30 unapproved branches in four divisions and others. It seems to me that under the Umno constitution each branch may elect up to a maximum of five delegates on the basis of one delegate for every 50 members. Each division may elect up to a maximum of 10 delegates on the basis of one delegate for every 500 members.

This is on the assumption that the members of the division have paid up their annual subscriptions on or before Dec 31 of the previous year. A simple calculation would show that if the delegates from the 30 unapproved branches in four divisions had been excluded from the general assembly, the outcome would have been very close due to the narrow margin of the votes between the winner and loser.

High Court Judge Harun Hashim declared that Umno was an unlawful society and the Umno 11 "as members of Umno, cannot acquire any right which is founded upon that which is unlawful. The court will therefore not lend its aid to the reliefs sought by the plaintiffs (Umno 11). Having said that, I do not think it is necessary to deal with the other issues and I accordingly dismissed the plaintiffs' claim."

It is clear that the judge purported to grant an order which was not sought for either by the Umno 11 or the defendants. An appeal to the Supreme Court of Malaysia was lodged by Umno 11. Tun Salleh Abas, the incumbent Lord President was suspended before the appeal could be heard and disposed of.

In my view, it was plain that the acting Lord President wanted me out of Kuala Lumpur so that I could be with Tan Sri Wan Suleiman in Kota Bharu. Some 15 years later, after the recent death of Harun on Sept 30, 2003, the following obituary appeared in the New Sunday Times , dated Oct 5:

"Aft er Harun declared Umno illegal, he only sought the Diarist's opinion on what was next. The Diarist speculated and also told Salleh Abas what could happen in the event they persisted in their plan to have a full court hearing of the Umno case. Daim Zainuddin had intimated to the Diarist the government's plan. They were simultaneously alarmed, sceptical and rather naive. The rest is history..."

Instructions given

When Salleh Abas was the Lord President in 1987 the dates and places of the scheduled sittings of the Supreme Court of Malaysia for the year 1988 would have been finalised in the month of November 1987 and this information would have been published in The Malayan Law Journal in December 1987 or January 1988. Special sittings of the Supreme Court would be convened when the need arose at the request of the parties.

For the purpose of this article only the following sittings of the Supreme Court are relevant, namely ... May 23, 1988 (Ipoh), June 1988 (Borneo States) and July 2, 1988 (Kota Bharu).

The coram for the Ipoh sitting was made up of Salleh Abas (presiding), myself and Hashim Sani. Although Salleh Abas and I stayed in the same hotel, Hashim Yeop Sani decided to stay separately at Tambun Inn. At that point of time, nobody paid any particular attention to this.

In Ipoh, Salleh Abas finally made up his mind to appoint a panel of nine judges to hear the Umno 11's appeal. Following this, the Senior Assistant Registrar (SAR) of the Supreme Court was given the undermentioned directions to convey to the Appellants' solicitors: to prepare six additional Records of Appeal for the extra judges, that the date had been fixed on June 13, 1988 for the hearing, and to send out Notices for the Hearing of the Appeal to the parties' solicitors.

These instructions were given on May 24, 1988. On May 27, Salleh Abas reported that he had been suspended from exercising his functions of High Office with retrospective effect from May 26.

The Chief Justice of the High Court of Malaya, Abdul Hamid (Omar), was appointed Acting Lord President and, on assuming office, the acting Lord President vacated the June 13,1988 hearing date.

Sent to Kota Bharu

I now come to the June 1988 sitting of the Supreme Court in the Borneo States (as they were then known). The coram for this session consisted of Lee Hun Hoe (presiding), Wan Suleiman and Mohd Azmi.

For personal reasons, Mohd Azmi was unable to make the trip and he asked me to take his place, which I accepted.

The next sitting of the Supreme Court was at Kota Bharu and the original members of the panel were Salleh Abas, Wan Suleiman and Hashim Yeop Sani. When Salleh Abas was suspended, Wan Suleiman became the presiding judge and Harun made up the third member.

When I returned from the Borneo States there was a letter on my table from the Abdul Hamid asking me whether I was free to replace Hashim Yeop Sani, albeit both the acting Lord President and Hashim Yeop Sani knew very well that I had just come back from another sitting of the Supreme Court at Kuching and Kota Kinabalu. At the material time the Judges of the Supreme Court who were free and available were : Tan Sri Mohd Azmi, Tan Sri Abdoolcader and Tan Sri Wan Hamzah.

Why didn't the acting Lord President pick any one of them to replace Hashim Yeop Sani in Kota Bharu? In my view, it was plain that the acting Lord President wanted me out of Kuala Lumpur so that I could be with Wan Suleiman in Kota Bharu.

Tomorrow: Something's brewing in KL

GEORGE SEAH was one of the Supreme Court judges sacked during the 1988 judicial crisis. The above article first appeared in Aliran.