COMMENT | Over the past few weeks, the main question about Kuala Kubu Bharu has been who will win. Given the reality of ongoing fluid changes in voter sentiments and the importance of campaigns in Malaysia, especially in close contests, it is still too early in the campaign to make a confident prediction.

Previous voting patterns do provide insights. So far, the dominant lens to understand voting by political parties has been to focus on ethnic patterns of turnout and support. This piece goes further, bringing in multiple lenses to understand voting.

I argue that the overlooked category of class voting, measured by average incomes in different localities, provides considerable additional insight into recent changes in voting patterns, as does attention to generation voting.

Unfortunately, statistically, the data does not provide enough robustness to measure voter differences by gender due to limited data points for variation.