MP SPEAKS The root of the problem lies in Umno-led privatisation - three phases of Build Operate Transfer of infrastructures - which was the main model in the 1980s, exemplified by the North-South Expressway. In the 1990s, utilities were privatised in a big way such as to independent power producers.

Post 2000, Umno was increasingly relying on its licensing power to placate an ever expanding lobby for contracts, permits, licences and favours.